Non-natural mic proteins

ABSTRACT

This invention describes soluble, monovalent, non-natural protein molecules that can activate NK cells and certain T-cells to attack specific cellular target cells by attaching the NKG2D-binding portions of monovalent MICA or MICB protein, i.e. their α1-α2 platform domain, to the intended target cell specifically. The α1-α2 domain is contiguous with a heterologous α3 domain that has been genetically modified to bind directly or indirectly to the extracellular aspect of the target cell, thereby serving as the targeting domain. The genetic modification to create a non-natural and non-terminal targeting motif within the α3 domain can include a portion of an antibody, another protein molecule or portion thereof, a peptide, or a non-natural, modified α3 domain of a MIC protein.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/291,749, filed Dec. 31, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The instant invention relates generally to non-natural protein molecules that can recruit and activate NK cells, and more specifically to non-natural, monomeric, soluble, mammalian MHC class I chain-related (MIC) molecules modified within the α3 domain to contain a heterologous peptide that binds a target molecule on target cell.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Natural killer (NK) cells and certain (CD8+ αβ and γδ) T-cells of the immunity system have important roles in humans and other mammals as first-line, innate defense against neoplastic and virus-infected cells (Cerwenka, A., and L. L. Lanier. 2001. NK cells, viruses and cancer. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1:41-49). NK cells and certain T-cells exhibit on their surfaces NKG2D, a prominent, homodimeric, surface immunoreceptor responsible for recognizing a target cell and activating the innate defense against the pathologic cell (Lanier, L L, 1998. NK cell receptors. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 16: 359-393; Houchins J P et al. 1991. DNA sequence analysis of NKG2, a family of related cDNA clones encoding type II integral membrane proteins on human NK cells. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1017-1020; Bauer, S et al., 1999. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science 285: 727-730). The human NKG2D molecule possesses a C-type, lectin-like extracellular domain that binds to its cognate ligands, the 84% sequence identical or homologous, monomeric MICA [soluble form of MICA set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-6 and 13] and MICB [full protein of MICB set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-12], polymorphic analogs of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I chain-related glycoproteins (MIC) (Weis et al. 1998. The C-type lectin superfamily of the immune system. Immunol. Rev. 163: 19-34; Bahram et al. 1994. A second lineage of mammalian MHC class I genes. PNAS 91:6259-6263; Bahram et al. 1996a. Nucleotide sequence of the human MHC class I MICA gene. Immunogentics 44: 80-81; Bahram and Spies T A. 1996. Nucleotide sequence of human MHC class I MICB cDNA. Immunogenetics 43: 230-233). Non-pathologic expression of MICA and MICB is restricted to intestinal epithelium, keratinocytes, endothelial cells and monocytes, but aberrant surface expression of these MIC proteins occurs in response to many types of cellular stress such as proliferation, oxidation and heat shock and marks the cell as pathologic (Groh et al. 1996. Cell stress-regulated human MHC class I gene expressed in GI epithelium. PNAS 93: 12445-12450; Groh et al. 1998. Recognition of stress-induced MHC molecules by intestinal γδT cells. Science 279: 1737-1740; Zwirner et al. 1999. Differential expression of MICA by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and monocytes. Human Immunol. 60: 323-330). Pathologic expression of MIC proteins also seems involved in some autoimmune diseases (Ravetch, J V and Lanier L L. 2000. Immune Inhibitory Receptors. Science 290: 84-89; Burgess, S J. 2008. Immunol. Res. 40: 18-34). The differential regulation of NKG2D ligands, the polymorphic MICA (>50 alleles, see for examples SEQ. ID. NO. 1-6 and 13 of FIG. 6) and MICB (>13 alleles, see for examples SEQ. ID. NO. 7-12 of FIG. 6), is important to provide the immunity system with a means to identify and respond to a broad range of emergency cues while still protecting healthy cells from unwanted attack (Stephens H A, (2001) MICA and MICB genes: can the enigma of their polymorphism be resolved? Trends Immunol. 22: 378-85; Spies, T. 2008. Regulation of NKG2D ligands: a purposeful but delicate affair. Nature Immunol. 9: 1013-1015).

Viral infection is a common inducer of MIC protein expression and identifies the viral-infected cell for NK or T-cell attack (Groh et al. 1998; Groh et al. 2001. Co-stimulation of CD8+ αβT-cells by NKG2D via engagement by MIC induced on virus-infected cells. Nat. Immunol. 2: 255-260; Cerwenka, A., and L. L. Lanier. 2001). In fact, to avoid such an attack on its host cell, cytomegalovirus and other viruses have evolved mechanisms that prevent the expression of MIC proteins on the surface of the cell they infect in order to escape the wrath of the innate immunity system (Lodoen, M., K. Ogasawara, J. A. Hamerman, H. Arase, J. P. Houchins, E. S. Mocarski, and L. L. Lanier. 2003. NKG2D-mediated NK cell protection against cytomegalovirus is impaired by gp40 modulation of RAE-1 molecules. J. Exp. Med. 197:1245-1253; Stern-Ginossar et al., (2007) Host immune system gene targeting by viral miRNA. Science 317: 376-381; Stern-Ginossar et al., (2008) Human microRNAs regulate stress-induced immune responses mediated by the receptor NKG2D. Nature Immunology 9: 1065-73; Slavuljica, I A Busche, M Babic, M Mitrovic, I Ga{hacek over (s)}parovic, D Cekinovic, E Markova Car, E P Pugel, A Cikovic, V J Lisnic, W J Britt, U Koszinowski, M Messerle, A Krmpotic and S Jonjic. 2010. Recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus expressing a ligand for the NKG2D receptor is attenuated and has improved vaccine properties. J. Clin. Invest. 120: 4532-4545).

In spite of their stress, many malignant cells, such as those of lung cancer and glioblastoma brain cancer, also avoid the expression of MIC proteins and as a result may be particularly aggressive as they too escape the innate immunity system (Busche, A et al. 2006, NK cell mediated rejection of experimental human lung cancer by genetic over expression of MHC class I chain-related gene A. Human Gene Therapy 17: 135-146; Doubrovina, E S, M M Doubrovin, E Vider, R B Sisson, R J O'Reilly, B Dupont, and Y M Vyas, 2003. Evasion from NK Cell Immunity by MHC Class I Chain-Related Molecules Expressing Colon Adenocarcinoma (2003) J. Immunology 6891-99; Friese, M. et al. 2003. MICA/NKG2D-mediated immunogene therapy of experimental gliomas. Cancer Research 63: 8996-9006; Fuertes, M B, M V Girart, L L Molinero, C I Domaica, L E Rossi, M M Barrio, J Mordoh, G A Rabinovich and N W Zwirner. (2008) Intracellular Retention of the NKG2D Ligand MHC Class I Chain-Related Gene A in Human Melanomas Confers Immune Privilege and Prevents NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Immunology, 180: 4606 -4614).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes soluble, monomeric, non-natural protein molecules that can recruit and activate NK cells and certain T-cells to attack specific cellular target cells by, after administration to a mammal, attaching the NKG2D-binding portions of MICA or MICB protein, i.e., their α1-α2 platform domain, specifically to the intended target molecule or molecules on the cellular target via a molecular targeting motif of the non-natural protein molecules of the invention. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention there are provided non-natural, monomeric, soluble, mammalian MHC class I chain-related (MIC) molecules containing an α1-α2 platform domain attached to a targeting motif, wherein the targeting motif contains a MIC α3 domain and a heterologous peptide, wherein the heterologous peptide is inserted into the MIC α3 domain at a non-carboxy-terminal site, and wherein the heterologous peptide directs the binding of the targeting motif to a target molecule on a target cell, thereby delivering the attached α1-α2 platform domain to the target cell.

In some embodiments of the invention non-natural MIC proteins, the α1-α2 platform domain and the α3 domain are from a human MIC protein. In particular embodiments, the α1-α2 platform domain and the α3 domain are from a human MICA protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-6, and 13. In other embodiments, the α1-α2 platform domain and the α3 domain are from a human MICB protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7-12.

In certain embodiments, the α3 domain of the non-natural MIC molecule is a complete native α3 domain without a deletion. In other embodiments α3 domain is a complete native α3 domain, wherein a portion of the domain has been deleted. In some embodiments, the portion deleted from the α3 domain is adjacent to the insertion site of the heterologous peptide. In other embodiments, the α3 domain comprises a deletion, insertion, amino acid substitution, mutation, or combination thereof at site different from the insertion site.

In particular embodiments of the non-natural MIC molecules, the insertion of the heterologous peptide is within or adjacent to a solvent-exposed loop of the α3 domain. In certain embodiments, the solvent-exposed loop corresponds to amino acids numbers 191-196, 208-211, 221-228, 231-240, 249-254, or 264-266 of the α3 domain within a MIC protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-13. In preferred embodiments, the insertion is in a solvent-exposed loop corresponding to amino acids numbers 191-196, 221-228, or 249-254 of the α3 domain within a MIC protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-13.

In some embodiments of the invention, the target molecule is a cell-surface molecule. In particular embodiments, the cell-surface molecule is on the surface of a malignant cell or a virus infected cell.

In particular embodiments in which the target cell is malignant, the target molecule is a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), NK-1R, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Erb2 or melanoma antigen; a growth factor receptor, an angiogenic factor receptor, an integrin, or an oncogene-encoded protein product, or a fragment thereof.

In embodiments in which the target cell is infected by a virus, the target molecule on the target cell is a phosphotidylserine, or a phosphotidylserine with an accessory protein; or a surface glycoprotein encoded by a virus, an adenovirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, a herpetic virus, a pox virus, a flavivirus, a filovirus, a hepatitis virus or a papilloma virus.

In another aspect of the invention, there are provided compositions containing the non-natural MIC molecules of the invention and a carrier or excipient.

In a further aspect of the invention, there are provided nucleic acid molecules encoding the non-natural MIC molecules of the invention. In particular embodiments, there are provided nucleic acid molecules encoding non-natural, monomeric, soluble, mammalian MHC class I chain-related (MIC) molecules containing an α1-α2 platform domain attached to a targeting motif, wherein the targeting motif contains a MIC α3 domain and a heterologous peptide, wherein the heterologous peptide is inserted into the MIC α3 domain at a non-carboxy-terminal site, and wherein the heterologous peptide directs the binding of the targeting motif to a target molecule on a target cell, thereby delivering the attached α1-α2 platform domain to the target cell. In some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid molecules encode non-natural MIC proteins, having α1-α2 platform domain and the α3 domain are from a human MICA protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-6, and 13 or a human MICB protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7-12. In particular embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules encoding non-natural MIC molecules, a polynucleotide encoding a heterologous peptide is inserted within or adjacent to the nucleic acid sequence encoding a solvent-exposed loop of the α3 domain corresponding to amino acids numbers 191-196, 208-211, 221-228, 231-240, 249-254, or 264-266 of the α3 domain within a MIC protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-13. In preferred embodiments, the insertion is in the nucleic acid sequence encoding a solvent-exposed loop corresponding to amino acids numbers 191-196, 221-228, or 249-254 of the α3 domain within a MIC protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-13.

In another aspect of the invention, there are provided libraries containing non-natural MIC molecules of the invention, in which the members of a library have diverse individual target binding properties.

In still another aspect of the invention, there are provided libraries containing genes encoding the non-natural MIC molecules of the invention, in which the members of a library have diverse individual target binding properties.

In still another aspect of the invention, there are provided methods of treating a mammal suspected of having a malignancy or viral infection by administering an effective amount of the a non-natural MIC molecule of the invention to the mammal, wherein the heterologous peptide directs binding of the targeting motif to the target molecule on a malignant cell or a virus-infected cell. In certain embodiments, the non-natural MIC molecule binds a NKG2D-bearing cell and a malignant cell or a virus-infected cell, resulting in the adhesion of the NKG2D-bearing cell to the malignant cell or the virus-infected cell. In particular embodiments, the adhering NKG2D-bearing cell destroys the malignant cell or the virus-infected cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the structure of the soluble form of human MICA.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a DGR-based approach for diversifying the α3 domain of human MICA.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic of EaeA and the EaeA-α3 fusion protein displayed on the surface of E. coli.

FIG. 4 shows a photograph of the SDS-PAGE analysis of the cytosolic, cytoplasmic membrane, and outer membrane proteins from induced or un-induced cultures of E. coli harboring pKK29 detected by Coomassie blue staining or Western blotting with an antibody against human MICA.

FIG. 5 shows a photograph of the SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins secreted by 293T cells transfected with plamids pKK35-pK42 as detected by Coomassie blue staining or Western blotting with an antibody against human MICA.

FIGS. 6A-6E provide the amino acid or nucleic acid sequences for SEQ ID NOs: 1-38.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes soluble, monomeric, non-natural protein molecules that can recruit and activate NK cells and certain T-cells to attack specific cellular target cells by, after administration to a mammal, binding of the NKG2D-binding portions of MICA or MICB protein, i.e. their α1-α2 platform domain (amino acids 1-85 and 86-178, for the al domain and the α2 domain, respectively), to the intended target molecule or molecules specifically via a targeting motif attached to α1-α2 platform domain. The targeting motif includes an α3 domain of a MICA or MICB protein and a heterologous peptide that binds the target molecule. A “heterologous peptide” is a peptide that is not naturally or normally within the α3 domain. In some embodiments, the heterologous peptide is integral to one of the solvent-exposed loops of the soluble MICA or MICB α3 domain. An integral heterologous peptide can be a non-terminal component of the MICα3 domain and direct the binding of the MICα3 domain to a target molecule. In particular embodiments, the heterologous peptide can include a portion of a complement-determining region of a natural or recombinant antibody, another protein or peptide molecule or binding motif, a polysaccharide or other carbohydrate, a nucleic acid or synthetic analog of a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the heterologous peptide is a complement-determining region of an antibody. The incorporation of a heterologous peptide results in an unnatural, modified or converted α3 domain of a MICA or MICB protein, which acquires the useful function of directing the targeting the α1-α2 platform based on the binding properties (e.g., cognate binding partner) of the heterologous peptide. The non-natural, monovalent molecules of the invention have the distinct advantage of not being linked or restricted to a common presenting surface and thereby can be modified, formulated and administered to a mammal as traditional biopharmaceuticals.

The modifications to the α3 domain desired include those that add or increase the specificity or sensitivity of the binding of the α3 domain to a target molecule, such as a molecule on the surface of a target cell, for example, a malignant cell or virus-infected cell. The α1-α2 platform domain is tethered to the modified targeting α3 domain and is diffusible in the intercellular or intravascular space of the mammal. Preferably the α1-α2 platform domains of the non-natural MIC proteins of the invention are at least 80% identical or homologous to a native or natural α1-α2 domain of a human MICA or MICB protein and binds an NKG2D receptor. In some embodiments, the α1-α2 platform domain is 85% identical to a native or natural α1-α2 platform domain of a human MICA or MICB protein and binds an NKG2D receptor. In other embodiments, the α1-α2 platform domain is 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a native or natural α1-α2 platform domain of a human MICA or MICB protein and binds an NKG2D receptor. Exemplary human MICA proteins (soluble form) include SEQ ID NOs: 1-6 and 13. Exemplary human MICB proteins (full protein) include SEQ ID NOs: 7-12.

As used herein, the “soluble form of a MIC protein” refers to a MIC protein containing the α1, α2, and α3 domains of the full MIC protein. Exemplary soluble forms of the MIC proteins include amino acid residues 1-274 or 1-276 of SEQ ID NOs:1-13.

As used herein, the “full MIC protein” refers to a MIC protein containing the α1, α2, and α3 domains, the transmembrane domain, and the intracellular domain. Exemplary full MICB proteins are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:7-12.

The invention further provides a library of MIC genes or resulting soluble MIC proteins, wherein each member of the library has or exhibits a different property, such as its binding property for the target cell, resulting in a library of diverse molecules. For example, the library can contain diverse individual target binding properties representing 10 or more different binding specificities. As used herein, “diverse individual target binding properties” refers to a library of MIC proteins, in which the individual members of the library bind to a different target molecule or have different affinities for the same target molecule. In some libraries of MIC proteins, two or more members may bind the same target but may have different binding affinities.

In a further embodiment of the invention, a mammal having a malignancy or a viral infection can be treated by administering an effective amount of the soluble MIC protein to affect the malignant or viral condition. The administration of the molecule to the mammal may result in the adhesion of NKG2D-bearing NK cells or T-cells to the target malignant or virus-infected cell, wherein the NK cell or T-cell destructively attacks or destroys the target malignant or virus-infected cell.

The invention also includes the means of converting the α3 domain (for example amino acids 182-274, in SEQ ID NO. 1-13) of a MIC protein into a specific targeting domain that can directly deliver from the intercellular space its tethered α1-α2 domain to the target cell surface in order to attract or bind the NKG2D-bearing NK cell or T-cell.

Applications of these “passive vaccines” are to destroy pathologic cells that, in spite of being pathologic, do not express the appropriate level of ligands, such as MICA or MICB, that are necessary to attract NK cells or certain T-cells. For example, only 30% of human lung cancers express MICA (Busche, A et al. 2006). Glioblastoma cells over express an NK cell inhibitory signal that prevents innate immunity attack; however, over expressing the natural MICA gene product in lung cancer or glioblastoma cells in experimental animals, restores effective NK cell attack on the cancer (Friese, M. et al. 2003).

The high resolution structure of human MICA bound to the NKG2D receptor has been solved and demonstrates that the α3 domain of MICA has no direct interaction with the NKG2D receptor (Li et al. 2001. Complex structure of the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D and its MHC class I-like ligand MICA. Nature Immunol. 2: 443-451; Protein Data Bank accession code 1HYR). The α3 domain of MICA, like that of MICB, is connected to the α1-α2 platform domain by a short, flexible linker peptide, amino acids 175-182 [SEQ ID 1-13], and itself is positioned naturally as “spacer” between the platform and the surface of the MIC expressing cell. The 3-dimensional structures of the human MICA and MICB α3 domains are nearly identical (root-mean square distance<1 Å on 94 C-α's) and functionally interchangeable (Holmes et al. 2001. Structural Studies of Allelic Diversity of the MHC Class I Homolog MICB, a Stress-Inducible Ligand for the Activating Immunoreceptor NKG2D. J Immunol. 169: 1395-1400).

Furthermore, the 3-dimensional structures of the MIC protein's Ig-like α3 domains resemble that of Tendamistat, and in a sequence inverted form, that of the human tenth fibronectin domain III; both structures have served as scaffolds for engineering protein binding motifs (Pflugrath, J W, G Wiegand, R Huber, L Vértesy (1986) Crystal structure determination, refinement and the molecular model of the α-amylase inhibitor Hoe-467A. J. Molec. Biol. 189: 383-386; Koide A, Bailey C W, Huang X, Koide S. 1998. The fibronectin type III domain as a scaffold for novel binding proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 284: 1141-1151; Li, R, R H Hoess, J S Bennett and W F DeGrado (2003) Use of phage display to probe the evolution of binding specificity and affinity in integrins. Protein Engineering 16: 65-72; Lipovsek, D. et al. (2007) Evolution of an interloop disulfide bond in high-affinity antibody mimics based on fibronectin type III domain and selected by yeast surface display: molecular convergence with single-domain camelid and shark antibodies. J. Mol Biol 368: 1024-1041; U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,661; Protein Data Bank accession code 1TTG).

One aspect of the invention contemplates engineering specific binding properties into 1 or more of the 6 solvent-exposed loops of the α3 domain of MICA or MICB, a soluble, non-natural MIC molecule is created that after administration to a mammal can diffuse in the intravascular or intercellular space and subsequently attach with high sensitivity and specificity to a target molecule on an intended target cell and, thereby promote binding and subsequent destructive attack of the particular target cell by NKG2D-bearing NK and/or T-cells. Examples of surface accessible molecules on target malignant cells include integrins, oncogene products or fragments thereof, such as NK-1R, human epidermal growth factor 2 (Her2 or ErbB2), growth factor receptors such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), angiogenic factor receptors such as those for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor and VEGF-related molecules, melanoma antigens, and antigens of LNcaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. The surface accessible molecules on target virus-infected cells include “inside-out” phosphotidylserine with or without accessory proteins such as apolipoprotein H, Gas6, MFG-E8; virus-encoded antigens, virus-encoded antigens of hepatitis viruses; adenoviruses; cytomegalovirus; other herpetic viruses; HIV especially p17; vaccinia; pox viruses; rotavirus; influenza; parvo viruses; West Nile virus; rabies; polyoma; papilloma viruses; rubella; distemper virus; and Japanese encephalitis virus (Balasubramanian, K and Schroit, A J. 2003. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 65: 701-734; Soares, M M, S W King & P E Thorpe. (2008) Targeting inside-out phosphatidylserine as a therapeutic strategy for viral diseases. Nature Medicine 14: 1358-62; Slavuljica et al., 2010). The present compositions can be produced by introducing specific binding motifs into the α3 domain of MICA or MICB deploying synthetic DNA, bacteriophage display or yeast or bacterial surface display technology, several of which have been deployed to create specific binding properties in Tendamistat and the human tenth fibronectin domain III (McConnell, S J and R H Hoess, (1995) Tendamistat as a Scaffold for Conformationally Constrained Phage Peptide Libraries. J. Molec. Biol 250: 460 -470; Li et al. (2003); Sidhu, S. S. & S. Koide (2007) Phage display for engineering and analyzing protein interaction interfaces. Current Opinion in Struct. Biol. 17: 481-487; Lipovsek, D. et al. 2007). These methods involve making a library of α3 domain structures that are highly diversified within their solvent-exposed loops and from which to isolate those that exhibit the desired binding properties by selection, screening or panning, all well known to those ordinarily skilled in the art.

The diversity generating retroelements (DGR) of Miller et al. is an example of a method of generating diversity at desired amino acid positions within the loops (Medhekar, B. & J. F. Miller. 2007. Diversity-Generating Retroelements. Current Opinion in Microbiol. 10: 388-395 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,585,957, which is incorporated herein by reference). Because the α3 domains of human MICA and MICB are comprised of about 95 amino acids (182-276) of the 276 amino acid water-soluble form, all solvent-exposed loops, for example amino acids 191-196, 208-211, 221-228, 231-240, 249-254, or 264-266 of SEQ. ID. NO. 1-13, can be diversified and even expanded with inserted amino acids by homing mutagenesis deploying a synthetic Template Repeat (TR) of a length not exceeding 200 nucleotides, a length known to be operable (Guo, H et al. 2008. Diversity-Generating Retroelement Homing Regenerates Target Sequences for Repeated Rounds of Codon Rewriting and Protein Diversification. Molecular Cell 31, 813-823).

Several factors guide the creation of the DGR-based library of diversified, solvent-exposed loops of the α3 domain.

-   -   DGRs generate diversity in defined segments of protein-encoding         DNA sequences, designated as variable repeats (VRs). For some         heterologous sequences to function as VRs, they are flanked at         their ends by initiation of mutagenic homing (IMH) sequences.         The IMH sequences serve as cis-acting sites that direct         mutagenic homing and determine the 3′ boundary of sequence         diversification.     -   The 5′ boundary of VR diversification may be determined by the         extent of homology between VR and its cognate TR. Only partial         homology is required and mismatches are tolerated.     -   Specific sites in VR which are subject to diversification may be         determined by the location of adenine residues in TR. By         inserting adenine residues at appropriate locations within         “synthetic” TRs, specific VR-encoded amino acid residues can be         diversified.     -   The atd protein, the TR-encoded RNA intermediate, and the RT         reverse transcriptase efficiently function in trans when         expressed on a plasmid vector, pDGR, under the control of a         heterologous promoter, for example, P_(tetA) or P_(bad). This         provides a convenient means for turning on and off         diversification within a bacterial cell and convenient access to         the synthetic TR sequences to program the precise sites to be         diversified. Furthermore, high level expression of trans-acting         components results in highly efficient diversification.

A general outline of the DGR-based approach for diversifying the α3 domain is shown in FIG. 2. The sequences to be diversified correspond to the loops of α3 domain. An IMH sequence is positioned immediately downstream from the stop codon (about AV277) of the gene encoding α3 domain, creating a “synthetic VR” which will be subject to diversification.

The synthetic VR encoding the α3 domain will be diversified by the synthetic TR on plasmid pDGR (FIG. 2). This TR element includes an IMH* and upstream sequences that are homologous to VR. The specific VR residues that will be subject to mutagenesis are precisely programmed by the placement of adenines in TR, and high densities of adenine residues can be tolerated by the system. The pDGR also includes loci which encode Atd and the RT reverse transcriptase. Atd, TR and rt are expressed from the tightly regulated tetA promoter/operator (P_(tetA)), which allows precise control over the diversification process by the addition or removal of anhydotetracycline.

It is instructive to consider diversifying the α3 domain via the DGR mechanism in a standard phage display format. In this case, the α3 domain is fused to a filamentous phage coat protein encoded on a phagemid vector in E. coli. VR would include solvent-exposed loops of the α3 domain, and pDGR would be designed to efficiently diversify VR at specified locations within those loops (Guo et al. 2008). Activating atd, TR, and rt expression would mutagenize VR sequences present on phagemid genomes. This would result in the creation of a library of phage, each of which presents a diversified binding protein on its surface and packages the encoding DNA. Desired specificities would be selected by binding phage to the immobilized target molecule, for example the surface exposed protein product of oncogene Her2, washing to remove nonbinding phage, and reamplification and enrichment. Further rounds of optimization of the selected phenotype could be efficiently accomplished by simply infecting E. coli containing pDGR with the selected or panned phage and repeating the steps described above. This system is capable of generating library sizes that are several orders of magnitude greater than those achieved by conventional approaches. Of equal advantage is the extraordinary ease with which successive rounds of optimization may be achieved with cumulative improvements, but without compromise of the integrity of the α3 domain scaffold.

Displaying diversified proteins on the surface of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, is an alternative approach that offers potential advantages over phage display. For example, successive rounds of optimization can be achieved without the need to make any phage or to cycle selected phage through multiple rounds of infection. And the α3 domain can be designed to be cleaved from the bacterial surface for direct biochemical or physical analyses. Although DGRs are found naturally in the genomes of over 40 bacterial species, none has been identified in E. coli. However, recently the cis and trans-acting components of a DGR from Legionella pneumophila have been shown by Miller et al to efficiently function in E. coli. Diversified α3 domains of MICA or MICB will be expressed on the surface of E. coli as fusion proteins consisting of, as a non-limiting example, the outer membrane localization and anchor domains of the EaeA intimin protein encoded by enteropathogenic E. coli (Luo Y, Frey E A, Pfuetzner R A, Creagh A L, Knoechel D G, Haynes C A, Finlay B B, Strynadka N C. (2000) Crystal structure of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli intimin-receptor complex. Nature. 405:1073-7). EaeA consists of an N-terminal segment of approximately 500 amino acids that anchors the protein to the outer membrane and is believed to form an anti-parallel β-barrel with a porin-like structure that facilitates translocation (Touze T, Hayward R D, Eswaran J, Leong J M, Koronakis V. (2004) Self-association of EPEC intimin mediated by the beta-barrel-containing anchor domain: a role in clustering of the Tir receptor. Mol Microbiol. 51:73-87). This translocation domain is followed by a series of Ig-like motifs and a C-terminal C-type lectin domain responsible for binding to the intestinal epithelial surface (FIG. 3). The elongated structure of intimin and its ability to export and anchor a heterologous protein domain to the external face of the E. coli outer membrane suggest that it is an ideal and versatile fusion partner for surface display of diversified α3 proteins (Wentzel A, Christmann A, Adams T, Kolmar H. (2001). Display of passenger proteins on the surface of Escherichia coli K-12 by the enterohemorrhagic E. coli intimin EaeA. J Bacteriol. 183:7273-84; Adams, T M, A Wentzel, and H Kolmar (2005) Intimin-Mediated Export of Passenger Proteins Requires Maintenance of a Translocation-Competent Conformation. J. of Bacteriology, 187: 522-533).

The natural orientation of MICA and MICB is such that the C-terminus is anchored to the cell membrane (type I membrane protein). The α3 domain resides between the N-terminal α1-α2 platform and the cell membrane. However, to diversify those α3 domain loops that project away from the α1-α2 platform, the opposite orientation (e.g. type II membrane protein) is desired, that is, to attach the N-terminus the linker portion of the α3 domain in FIG. 1 to EaeA so that those loops such as those located at amino acid positions 191-196, 221-228, 253-256 [SEQ. ID. NO. 1-13] are readily available for binding target molecules. Such a type II membrane protein orientation is precisely that of EaeA, FIG. 3. Furthermore, the α3 domain, like EaeA, has an Ig-like motif, so that EaeA will translocate α3 domains to the E. coli surface (Li et al. 1999. Crystal structure of the MHC class I homolog MICA, a γδT cell ligand. Immunity 10: 577-584). Indeed, the ability of EaeA to translocate heterologous passenger polypeptides has been documented in the literature (Wentzel et al. 2001; Adams et al., 2005).

The EaeA-α3 fusion protein will be expressed from the araBAD promoter (P_(bad)), which responds, in a dose-dependent manner, to the concentration of arabinose added to the growth media. This will allow precise control over the density of α3 domains on the surface of bacterial cells. A diversification system, e.g. the L. pneumophila atd TR rt sequences (pDGR, FIG. 2), can be placed under control of the tightly regulated tetA promoter/operator on a multicopy plasmid. The expression of the atd TR rt sequences is induced by addition of anhydrotetracycline to the growth medium and will result in high frequency diversification of α3 VR sequences. Once diversification has been achieved, removal of inducer from the growth media will “lock” the system (α3-VR) into a stable state.

Diversification is first achieved by growing the surface display E. coli in the presence of arabinose to induce expression of the EaeA-α3 fusion protein, and anhydrotetracycline to induce diversification of α3- VR. Bacterial cells that display binding characteristics of interest can be enriched using standard methods such as Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) or magnetic bead separation techniques. Selected bacterial cells are amplified by growth in the presence of arabinose and the absence of anhydrotetracycline. Further enrichment steps can be included and additional rounds of optimization can be achieved by simply repeating the protocol. Importantly, α3 domains that bind to targets that are undesirable for NK or T-cell attack can be depleted from the diversified library by panning against, for example, normal tissues prior to selection for the desired binding properties. The selected α3 proteins can be cleaved from the bacterial cell surface by the addition of Factor Xa protease and then purified by affinity purification of the 6×His-tagged C-terminal domain for further characterization and use. This permits convenient biochemical and physical analyses of structure and function of the selected α3 domain. By fusing the isolated DNA encoding the desired, non-natural α3 domain to the portion of the MIC gene encoding an α1-α2 platform domain, the desired, non-natural α3 domain can then in each case be reintroduced into the rest of the soluble MIC protein via its linker or tether (amino acids 177-182) to create the desired passive NK cell vaccine with the specificity and sensitivity of the isolated α3 domain.

The isolated, non-natural or unnatural, soluble MIC protein can be produced in bacteria, yeasts or mammalian cells, purified to the required degree, formulated by available methods to stabilize it in vitro and in vivo, and administered parenterally or by other routes to humans or other mammals where it can diffuse to treat malignancies or viral diseases by promoting the targeted attack by the cellular components of the innate immunity system.

In some embodiments, a non-natural MIC molecule is formulated with a “pharmaceutically acceptable” excipient or carrier. Such a component is one that is suitable for use with humans or animals without undue adverse side effects. Non-limiting examples of adverse side effects include toxicity, irritation, and/or allergic response. The excipient or carrier is typically one that is commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. In many embodiments, the carrier or excipient is suitable for topical or systemic administration. Non-limiting pharmaceutically carriers include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples include, but are not limited to, standard pharmaceutical excipients such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions such as oil/water emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyloleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like.

Optionally, a composition comprising a non-natural MIC molecule of the disclosure may also be lyophilized using means well known in the art. Subsequent reconstitution and use may be practiced as known in the field.

Also provided are formulations comprising microencapsulated non-natural MIC molecules. In some embodiments, these may provide sustained release kinetics or allow oral ingestion to pass through the stomach and into the small or large intestine. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in various forms, such as granules, tablets, pills, suppositories, capsules (e.g. adapted for oral delivery), microbeads, microspheres, liposomes, suspensions, salves, pastes, lotions, and the like. Pharmaceutical grade organic or inorganic carriers and/or diluents suitable for oral and topical use can be used to make up compositions comprising the therapeutically-active compounds. Stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, or buffers for securing an adequate pH value may be included.

A non-natural MIC molecule is typically used in an amount or concentration that is “safe and effective”, which refers to a quantity that is sufficient to produce a desired therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects like those described above. A non-natural MIC molecule may also be used in an amount or concentration that is “therapeutically effective”, which refers to an amount effective to yield a desired therapeutic response, such as, but not limited to, an amount effective to bind target cells in order to recruit sufficient NK cells to kill the target cells. The safe and effective amount or therapeutically effective amount will vary with various factors but may be readily determined by the skilled practitioner without undue experimentation. Non-limiting examples of factors include the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the subject, the type of subject being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed.

The term “comprising,” which is used interchangeably with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended language and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. The phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. The phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The present disclosure contemplates embodiments of the invention compositions and methods corresponding to the scope of each of these phrases. Thus, a composition or method comprising recited elements or steps contemplates particular embodiments in which the composition or method consists essentially of or consists of those elements or steps.

All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, whether previously specifically incorporated or not. As used herein, the terms “a”, “an”, and “any” are each intended to include both the singular and plural forms.

Having now fully described the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation. While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth.

EXAMPLES 1. Display of MIC-α3 Domain Protein on the Surface of E. coli

Oligonucleotides AV1401 (SEQ. ID. NO. 15) and AV1402 (SEQ. ID. NO. 16) were kinased, annealed, and ligated into an aliquot of plasmid pET30a (Novagen) which had been digested with NdeI and NcoI to create pSW249, containing a pelB secretion signal sequence.

Plasmid pSW249 was digested with NcoI and BlpI and ligated together with kinased and annealed oligonucleotides AV1445 (SEQ. ID. NO. 17) and AV1446 (SEQ. ID. NO. 18) to create pSW263. This construct contained sequence encoding six histidine residues following the pelB sequence.

A human MICA cDNA comprising a portion of 5′ untranslated sequence, signal sequence, and codons 1-276 of the mature coding sequence, followed by a stop codon, was amplified by PCR from human spleen first strand cDNA (acquired from Invitrogen) using primers AV1466 (SEQ. ID. NO. 19) and AV1448 (SEQ. ID. NO. 20).

The PCR fragment was digested with NheI and HindIII and ligated together with pCDNA5-FRT (Invitrogen) which had also been digested with NheI and HindIII to create pSW265. Three mutations the MICA coding region were corrected, G14W, A24T and E125K, by directed mutagenesis to create pSW271.

A portion of pSW271 was PCR amplified with primers AV1447 (SEQ. ID. NO. 21) and AV1448 (SEQ. ID. NO. 20). The PCR fragment consisted of a tev protease cleavage site, ENLYFQG, followed by codons 1-276 of human MICA. This PCR fragment was digested with XhoI and HindIII and ligated together with an aliquot of plasmid pSW263 which had also been digested with XhoI and HindIII to create plasmid pSW286.

The eaeA gene was amplified from EDL933 genomic DNA using AV1408 (SEQ. ID. NO. 22) and AV1409 (SEQ. ID. NO. 23) primers.

This PCR product was digested with BamHI and HindIII and ligated together with Bluescript-SK+ DNA (Stratagene) which had also been digested with BamHI and HindIII to create pSW284.

A portion of plasmid pSW284 was PCR amplified using primers AV1602 (SEQ. ID. NO. 24) and AV1603 (SEQ. ID. NO. 25). The PCR fragment was digested with NdeI and XhoI and ligated together with an aliquot of pSW286 which had also been digested with NdeI and XhoI to create pSW289.

A portion of pSW289 was PCR amplified with primers kk43 (SEQ. ID. NO. 26) and kk44 (SEQ. ID. NO. 27). The resulting PCR fragment containing a tev protease cleavage site, ENLYFQG, followed by sequence encoding residues 181 through 276 of MICA (note: the codon for P183 WAS changed from CCC to CCA to break up a run of 6 C's) was digested with XhoI and HindIII and ligated together with a ˜7185 by fragment which had been purified on an agarose gel from a digest of a separate aliquot of pSW289 digested with XhoI and HindIII to create pKK5. The 7185 by fragment encoded EaeA 1-659 followed by GG then a factor Xa cleavage site, IEGR, then six His residues, then an XhoI site encoding LE of no function except to provide the XhoI site.

pKK5 was PCR amplified with primers kk52 (SEQ. ID. NO. 28) and kk45 (SEQ. ID. NO. 29). The PCR fragment was digested with NcoI and HindIII and ligated together with an aliquot of pBAD24 (from ATCC) which had been digested with NcoI and HindIII to create pKK29. The plasmid pKK29 was transformed according to the manufacturer's recommendations into the cloning strain, E. coli “NEB 10-beta” (catalog AV C3019H from New England BioLabs) and selected for resistance to 100 μg/ml carbenicillin.

Cytosolic proteins, inner membrane proteins, and outer membrane proteins of arabinose-induced and non-induced pKK29-transformed E. coli cells were each isolated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The SDS-PAGE gels were stained with Coomassie blue or western-blotted with antibody to human MICA protein.

Cells were grown in LB/Carb100 until OD₆₀₀=0.915. Aliquots of 10 mls of cells were added to each of two 50 ml conical tubes. One tube was induced with 0.002% arabinose; the other was left un-induced. Samples were incubated with shaking @37° C. for 1 hr.

Cells were then centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 rpm in an Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge. Supernatants were discarded and the cell pellets were gently resuspended in 6 ml FP buffer (0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 0.1 M KCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and transferred to 15 ml conical tubes. Cells were sonicated for 6×15 sec bursts using a Biologics Inc model 300 V/T ultrasonic homogenizer. Samples were incubated on ice between bursts. After sonication the tubes were centrifuged in the Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove any unbroken cells.

Supernatants were transferred to Beckman polycarbonate centrifuge tubes (catAV355631) and spun at 100,000×g for 1 hr at 4° C. in a Beckman L8-80M floor ultracentrifuge using a Type 60Ti rotor. The supernatants containing the cytosolic proteins were removed to new tubes and stored at 4° C.

The pellets of the cell membranes were resuspended in 2 mls of ME buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 35 mM MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100). Samples shook gently for 2 hrs at 25° C. and then were re-centrifuged in the Beckman L8-80M floor ultracentrifuge using a Type 60Ti rotor at 100,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. Supernatants containing the cytoplasmic membrane Triton-soluble proteins were removed to new tubes and stored at 4° C. The final pellets containing the outer membrane proteins (Schnaitman, C A. 1971. Solubilization of the Cytoplasmic Membrane of Escherichia coli by Triton X-100. J. Bacteriology 108: 545-552) were resuspended in 0.1 ml of water and also stored at 4° C. before being subjected to analyses by SDS-PAGE and stained by Coomassie Blue or western blotted using a goat polyclonal antibody against human MICA, FIG. 4.

Samples were mixed with equal volumes of Novex Tris-Glycine SDS 2× sample buffer (Invitrogen AVLC2676) and electrophoresed on 4-20% Tris-Glycine Gradient Gel (Invitrogen AVEC60285BOX). For western blotting the electrophoresed sample lanes in the slab gel were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen Nitrocellulose Membrane Filter Paper Sandwich AVLC2001) using an Invitrogen XCell II Blot Module (AVEI9051). The membrane filter was blocked overnight at 4° C. in 5% milk-Phosphate Buffered Saline, Tween-20 (PBST). Primary antibody (anti-human MICA antibody—R&D Systems AVAF1300) was used at 1:500 dilution in 5% milk-PBST. The resulting filter “blot” was incubated 2 hrs at 25° C. with gentle rocking The filter “blot” was subsequently washed for 20 min at 25° C. with PBST after which the secondary antibody (anti-goat IgG-HRP antibody—R&D Systems AVHAF017) was added at a dilution of 1:1000 in 5% milk-PBST. The filter “blot” was rocked for 2hrs at 25° C. and then again was washed 20 min in PBST. The filter “blot” was developed with Novex HRP Chromogenic Substrate—TMB (Invitrogen AVWP20004).

2. Generation of Soluble, Non-Natural Human MIC Proteins with Internal Targeting Domains

Plasmid Construction and Expression

The secretion signal sequence and codons 1-276 of mature HUMMHCREP (Human MHC class I-related protein mRNA) were obtained by amplifying with a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) the appropriate DNA sequence from human spleen first-strand cDNA (available from Life Technologies/Invitrogen) using primers AV1466 (SEQ. ID. NO. 30) and AV1448 (SEQ. ID. NO. 31).

The amplified DNA product was digested with NheI and HindIII restriction enzymes, and the resulting product was ligated into NheI/HindIII-digested pCDNA5/FRT (Invitrogen), to create pSW265.

The DNA of the inserted PCR product was sequenced and verified to include an NheI site followed by 26 bases of the 5′untranslated (UT) sequence, followed by secretion signal sequence and codons 1-276 of mature HUMMHCREP, followed by a termination codon, followed by a HindIII site. Where the coding sequence deviated from the intended sequence such that it would result in an amino acid difference if translated, the codons were changed by site-directed mutagenesis (using New England BioLabs Phusion® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit and appropriate primers) so that the amino acid sequence matched the relevant portion (amino acids 1-276) of the sequence described as SEQ. ID. NO. 13.

The corrected plasmid was designated pSW271 and contained the corrected DNA sequence encoding 26 bases of the 5′UT sequence, followed by secretion signal sequence and codons 1-276 of mature HUMMHCREP, followed by a termination codon, SEQ. ID. NO.14

Primers AV1490 (SEQ. ID. NO. 32) and AV1489 (SEQ. ID. NO. 33) and pSW271 were used to generate a PCR product which was subsequently digested with BamHI and BsmBI and ligated to ˜5259 by BamHI/BsmBI fragment from pSW271. The resulting construct pSW275 lacks a BsmBI site.

Using New England BioLabs Phusion® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit and primers AV1493 (SEQ. ID. NO. 34) and AV1494 (SEQ. ID. NO. 35), two BsmBI sites were inserted in the MICA coding region, creating pSW276.

The plasmid pSW276 was digested with BsmBI and ligated to kinased and annealed oligonucleotides AV1826 (SEQ. ID. NO. 36) and AV1827 (SEQ. ID. NO. 37) to create pKK35. This plasmid contained a sequence encoding SGGSGGGSHHHHHHHHHHSGGSGGG (SEQ. ID. NO. 38) between MICA residues Isoleucine 249 and Cysteine 259 and replacing the residues at positions 250-258.

For plasmid construct pKK35 a 90% confluent culture of 293T cells (ATCC) in a 10 cm tissue culture dish was transfected with 10 μg of the plasmid using Fugene HD transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science). After 3 days the culture medium of each culture was collected and cleared of floating cells by centrifugation at 4000 rpm in an Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge. To the recovered ˜9.5 ml was added 1 ml of 0.5 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 1.5 M NaCl, 0.1 M imidazole.

Ni-NTA resin was purchased from Qiagen (catalog AV36111) and washed with 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M imidazole. To 8 ml culture medium from each of the transfected 293T cell cultures was added 0.35 ml of the Ni-NTA resin. The samples were rocked at 25° C. for 4 hrs then centrifuged for 5 min @ 1,200 rpm in the Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge. The supernatant was removed by aspiration and discarded. The resin was washed 3 times with 10 ml wash buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole).

After the third wash, 6 mls of elution buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole) was added to the resin. The samples were rocked overnight at 4° C. The next day samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm in the Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge, and the supernatants were removed new tubes.

Each sample was concentrated using a Pierce concentrator 7 ml/9K (catalog AV89884A) spin tube. The concentrators were pre-rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Samples were added to the concentrator and then centrifuged for 30 min at 4000 rpm in the Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge. Each sample was washed and concentrated 3 times with 6 ml PBS—each time spinning 4000 rpm 30 min in the Eppendorf 5810R tabletop centrifuge.

For SDS-PAGE analyses of the proteins secreted from 293T cells transiently transfected with plasmid pKK35, the samples were mixed with equal volumes of Novex Tris-Glycine SDS 2× sample buffer (Invitrogen AVLC2676) and electrophoresed on 4-20% Tris-Glycine Gradient Gel (Invitrogen AVEC60285BOX). Identical gels were stained with Coomassie Blue to detect proteins non-specifically or western blotted using a goat polyclonal antibody detecting human MICA, FIG. 5. For western blotting the electrophoresed sample lanes in the slab gel were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen Nitrocellulose Membrane Filter Paper Sandwich AVLC2001) using an Invitrogen XCell II Blot Module (AVEI9051). The membrane filter was blocked overnight at 4° C. in 5% milk-PBST. Primary antibody (anti-human MICA antibody—R&D Systems AVAF1300) was used at 1:500 dilution in 5% milk-PBST. The resulting filter “blot” was incubated 2 hrs at 25° C. with gentle rocking The filter “blot” was subsequently washed for 20 min at 25° C. with PBST after which the secondary antibody (anti-goat IgG-HRP antibody—R&D Systems AVHAF017) was added at a dilution of 1:1000 in 5% milk-PBST. The filter “blot” was rocked for 2 hrs at 25° C. and then again was washed 20 min in PBST. The filter “blot” was developed with Novex HRP Chromogenic Substrate—TMB (Invitrogen AVWP20004). 

1. A non-natural, monomeric, soluble, mammalian MHC class I chain-related (MIC) molecule comprising an α1-α2 platform domain attached to a targeting motif, wherein the targeting motif comprises a MIC α3 domain and a heterologous peptide, wherein the heterologous peptide is inserted into the MIC α3 domain at a non-carboxy-terminal site, and wherein the heterologous peptide directs the binding of the targeting motif to a target molecule on a target cell, thereby delivering the attached α1-α2 platform domain to the target cell.
 2. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the α1-α2 platform domain and the α3 domain are from a human MIC protein.
 3. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the α3 domain is a complete native α3 domain without a deletion.
 4. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the α3 domain is a native α3 domain, wherein a portion of the domain has been deleted.
 5. The molecule of claim 4, wherein the portion deleted is adjacent to the insertion site.
 6. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the α3 domain comprises a deletion, insertion, amino acid substitution, mutation, or combination thereof at site different from the insertion site.
 7. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the α1-α2 platform domain is at least 80% identical to a native α1-α2 platform domain of a human MICA or MICB protein, and wherein the α1-α2 platform domain binds an NKG2D receptor.
 8. The molecule of claim 7 wherein the MICA protein is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-6, and
 13. 9. The molecule of claim 7 wherein the MICB protein is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7-12.
 10. The molecule of claim 1, wherein the target molecule is a cell-surface molecule.
 11. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the target cell is malignant and the target molecule is a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), NK-1R, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Erb2 or melanoma antigen; antigens of LNcaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells; a growth factor receptor, an angiogenic factor receptor, an integrin, or an oncogene-encoded protein product, or a fragment thereof.
 12. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the target cell is infected by a virus and the target molecule on the target cell is a phosphotidylserine, or a phosphotidylserine with an accessory protein; or a surface glycoprotein encoded by a virus, an adenovirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, a herpetic virus, a pox virus, a flavivirus, a filovirus, a hepatitis virus, a papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia, rotavirus, influenza, a parvo virus, West Nile virus, rabies, polyoma, rubella, distemper virus, or Japanese encephalitis virus.
 13. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the heterologous peptide is a complement-determining region of an antibody.
 14. The molecule of claim 1 wherein the insertion is within or adjacent to a solvent-exposed loop of the α3 domain.
 15. The molecule of claim 14 wherein the solvent-exposed loop corresponds to amino acids numbers 191-196, 208-211, 221-228, 231-240, 249-254, or 264-266 of the α3 domain within a MIC protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-13.
 16. A library comprising genes encoding the MIC molecules of claim 1 wherein the molecules have diverse individual target binding properties.
 17. A library comprising the MIC molecules of claim 1 wherein the molecules have diverse individual target binding properties.
 18. A method of treating a mammal suspected of having a malignancy or viral infection comprising administering an effective amount of the molecule of claim 1 to said mammal, wherein the heterologous peptide directs binding of the targeting motif to the target molecule on a malignant cell or a virus-infected cell.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the administered molecule binds a NKG2D-bearing cell and a malignant cell or a virus-infected cell, resulting in the adhesion of the NKG2D-bearing cell to the malignant cell or the virus-infected cell.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the adhering NKG2D-bearing cell destroys the malignant cell or the virus-infected cell.
 21. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the non-natural, monomeric, MIC molecule of claim
 1. 22. A composition comprising the non-natural, monomeric, MIC molecule of claim 1 and a carrier or excipient. 